Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) strains pose a significant global health threat due to their ability to cause severe, fast-spreading infections, often in healthy individuals. This review explores the virulence factors and mechanisms of hvKp, including capsular polysaccharides, hypermucoviscosity, adherence factors, biofilm formation, iron acquisition systems, siderophores, and toxins. It also examines the global distribution and prevalence of hvKp, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. With rising antibiotic resistance, treatment options for hvKp infections are becoming increasingly challenging. Potential future treatment avenues, such as phage therapy, monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulators, novel antibiotics, vaccines, and nanotechnology-based approaches, are discussed. Infection control and prevention measures, including monitoring, early detection, improved infection control practices, antimicrobial stewardship, education, and vaccination, are crucial in curbing the spread of hvKp infections, especially multidrug-resistant variants. A comprehensive approach encompassing these strategies is essential to combat this formidable pathogen.