Catharanthus roseus, a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids, has gained prominence in green nanoparticle synthesis. This review highlights its role as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the eco-friendly production of nanoparticles such as silver (AgNPs), gold (AuNPs), zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs) and iron oxide (Fe2O3-NPs). Characterization techniques including UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR and SEM, confirm their stability and functionality. These nanoparticles demonstrate significant biomedical applications including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. AgNPs and ZnO-NPs exhibit strong pathogen disruption and oxidative stress reduction while AuNPs show targeted cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Challenges such as scalability and reproducibility persist, but interdisciplinary research and clinical validation can unlock their full potential. This review underscores the promise of C. roseus-derived nanoparticles in sustainable nanotechnology for health and environmental solutions.